Ever felt the thrill of placing a bet on your favorite sports team only to see your bankroll vanish faster than you can say "goal"? Managing your bankroll effectively in global sports betting isn't just a smart strategy—it's essential for long-term success.

Understanding Bankroll Management

Effective bankroll management in global sports betting involves setting up a structured plan for how to allocate your funds. First, determine your total bankroll, which is the amount you're willing to invest in betting. This sum should be an amount you can afford to lose without impacting your financial health.

Separate Your Bankroll: Once you've set your bankroll, separate this amount from your daily finances to avoid the risk of mixing funds. Use a dedicated account for your betting transactions. This step helps keep your personal and betting finances independent.

Calculate Unit Size: Divide your bankroll into units to manage your bets more effectively. A common practice is to make each unit represent 1% to 2% of your total bankroll. For instance, with a bankroll of $1,000, one unit might be $10-$20. Using units prevents overwhelming losses from single bets and promotes strategic betting.

Track Your Bets: Maintain detailed records of every bet. Document the amount, the event, the type of bet, and the outcome. Tracking enables you to analyze betting patterns, identify profitable strategies, and spot areas needing improvement.

Example:

  • Amount: $50

  • Event: Soccer - Premier League

  • Type of Bet: Moneyline

  • Outcome: Win/Lose

Set Limits: Establish win and loss limits to maintain control over your betting. For instance, if you hit a loss limit of 10 units in a week, take a break to reassess your strategy. Similarly, if you achieve a profitable streak, consider securing some winnings to avoid overconfidence and risk.

Stay Disciplined: Follow your plan strictly. Avoid impulsive bets driven by emotions, especially after a series of losses or wins. Consistency and discipline are key to maintaining a healthy bankroll over the long term.

Leverage Betting Tools: Utilize tools like spreadsheets or betting management software to track your bankroll and analyze bets. Some platforms offer advanced features to help you assess your performance and fine-tune your strategies.

Understand Variance: Recognize that variance plays a significant role in sports betting. Short-term winning or losing streaks are common and don't necessarily indicate your overall strategy's effectiveness. Focus on long-term performance instead.

By understanding and implementing these principles, you safeguard your investment and create a strong foundation for sustainable success in global sports betting.

Setting a Budget

Setting a budget is essential when managing your bankroll for global sports betting. Establishing a clear, manageable budget helps you control your spending and minimizes the risk of significant financial losses.

Determining Your Starting Amount

When determining your starting amount, consider how much you can afford to lose without affecting your daily life or important financial obligations. Allocate a specific amount for your betting activities based on your disposable income.

I recommend setting aside funds that won't impact your essential expenses or emergency savings. For example, if you have $1,000 in disposable income each month, you might decide to use 10%, or $100, as your initial bankroll. By doing so, you safeguard your primary finances while still enjoying sports betting.

Sticking to Your Budget

Sticking to your budget requires discipline and careful tracking of your bets. Keep a detailed record of all your betting activities, including the amount wagered, the type of bet, and the outcome. This practice helps you monitor your spending and make informed decisions.

If you find yourself consistently exceeding your budget, reassess your betting strategies. It might be necessary to lower your bet sizes or reduce the frequency of your bets. Maintaining a strict adherence to your budget prevents impulsive decisions and promotes a more sustainable betting approach.


Sports betting isn't just about picking winners; it's about managing your funds wisely. An effective budget is a cornerstone of good bankroll management.

Types of Betting Strategies

When managing a bankroll effectively for global sports betting, understanding various betting strategies is crucial. Different strategies can help in maintaining consistency and minimizing losses.

Flat Betting

Flat betting is a straightforward strategy. It involves placing the same amount of money on each bet, regardless of the perceived confidence level or odds. For example, if I decide my unit size is $10, I consistently bet $10 on every wager.

This consistency helps in managing the bankroll over the long term and avoids the pitfalls of overconfidence. By maintaining uniform bet sizes, I can mitigate the impact of losing streaks. While it might not promise big wins, flat betting offers stability and a methodical approach to sports betting.

Percentage Betting

Percentage betting adjusts the wager amount based on the current size of the bankroll. If my bankroll increases or decreases, the bet size changes accordingly. For example, I might decide to wager 2% of my current bankroll on each bet.

Assuming my bankroll is $1,000, a 2% bet would be $20. If my bankroll grows to $1,500, the bet increases to $30. This strategy allows for scaling up during winning streaks and scaling down during losing streaks, maintaining a consistent risk level relative to the overall bankroll.

Martingale System

The Martingale System is a more aggressive strategy where the bettor doubles the bet after each loss, aiming to recover all previous losses with one win. So, if I start with a $10 bet and lose, my next bet would be $20, and if I lose again, it would be $40.

While the Martingale System can recover losses quickly, it carries significant risk. A long losing streak could lead to substantial losses and quickly deplete the bankroll. For this reason, many advise caution when using this strategy and suggest it only for those with a high tolerance for risk.

Kelly Criterion

The Kelly Criterion is a mathematical formula used to determine the optimal size of a bet. It calculates the percentage of the bankroll to wager based on the probability of winning and the odds offered. The formula is:

[ \text{Kelly percentage} = \left( \frac{bp - q}{b} \right) ]

Where:

  • ( b ) is the decimal odds - 1

  • ( p ) is the probability of winning

  • ( q ) is the probability of losing (1 - p)

For example, if a bet has odds of 3.0 (meaning ( b = 2 )) and I estimate a 50% chance of winning, the Kelly percentage would be:

[ \text{Kelly percentage} = \left( \frac{2 \times 0.5 - 0.5}{2} \right) = 0.25 ]

This means I should bet 25% of my bankroll on this wager. The Kelly Criterion aims to maximize returns while minimizing the risk of ruin. However, it requires accurate probability estimations, which can be challenging.

Fibonacci System

The Fibonacci System uses the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, etc.) to determine bet sizes. Each number in the sequence represents the amount to bet, moving to the next number following a loss. For instance, if I lose a $10 bet, my next bet would be $10 again. If I lose that too, the third bet would be $20, then $30, and so on.

This strategy similarly to the Martingale system, increases bet sizes after losses but does so less aggressively. It offers a structured approach that limits excessive betting but still has risks, particularly during long losing streaks.

Proportional Betting

Proportional betting involves adjusting bet sizes in proportion to the perceived edge or confidence level in a particular bet. For example, if I feel particularly confident about a match, I might bet 5% of my bankroll, whereas a less confident bet might only be 1%.

This enables maximizing gains on favorable bets while minimizing losses on less certain wagers. However, it hinges on accurately assessing confidence levels and the edge in each bet, requiring deeper analysis and discipline.

Combination Strategies

Many bettors blend multiple strategies to balance risk and reward. For instance:

  • Flat betting during less predictable periods.

  • Percentage or proportional betting when more confident in predictions.

Combining strategies allows adapting to different betting scenarios and maintaining a balanced approach. Mixing strategies based on analysis and situation can offer a flexible yet disciplined betting plan.

Final Thoughts on Strategies

Selecting the right betting strategy plays a vital role in effective bankroll management. Each strategy has its pros and cons, and the choice depends on individual risk tolerance, betting style, and goals. Whether you opt for the stability of flat betting, the dynamic adjustment of percentage betting, or a combination approach, consistency and discipline remain key.

Luckily, various tools and resources can assist in tracking and adjusting these strategies. For anyone serious about sports betting, experimenting with different strategies to find the best fit is essential.

With these strategies, I aim for steady, sustainable growth and avoid common pitfalls, ensuring my sports betting experience remains enjoyable and financially prudent.

Strategy

Key Feature

Risk Level

Flat Betting

Consistent bet size

Low

Percentage Betting

Scales with bankroll

Moderate

Martingale System

Doubles after losses

High

Kelly Criterion

Calculated based on probability

Moderate

Fibonacci System

Follows Fibonacci sequence

Moderate

Proportional Betting

Adjusts to confidence level

Moderate

Understanding and employing these strategies can significantly impact long-term success in global sports betting. By carefully choosing which one’s best suited for my betting style, achieving better bankroll management becomes more feasible, enhancing the potential for profitable outcomes.

Importance of Record Keeping

Maintaining meticulous records is essential for effective bankroll management in global sports betting. Accurate record keeping ensures that bettors can track their performance, analyze results, and make informed decisions.

Tracking Wins and Losses

Recording every bet is important for tracking wins and losses. Note details like date, amount wagered, outcome, and profit or loss for each bet. This comprehensive data shows patterns over time. I recommend using spreadsheets or dedicated betting apps for ease of use and organization. Regularly updating and reviewing these records helps identify winning strategies and problem areas, facilitating continuous improvement.

Analyzing Your Performance

Analyzing past betting activity allows for a deeper understanding of overall performance. By looking at profit margins, return on investment (ROI), and success rate, I can gain insights into which sports or bet types are most lucrative. For instance, if I discover that soccer bets yield higher returns than basketball bets, I'd focus more on soccer. Subsequent analysis also highlights mistakes, enabling adjustments for better future outcomes. Regular analysis alongside detailed record keeping builds a strategic approach to sports betting, optimizing long-term success.

  • Concluding points: meticulous record keeping and regular performance analysis help in refining betting strategies and ensuring bankroll sustainability.

Risk Management Tips

Managing risks in sports betting is crucial for maintaining a healthy bankroll and ensuring long-term success. Effective risk management techniques can minimize losses and enhance the potential for profit.

Avoiding Chasing Losses

Chasing losses is a common pitfall for many bettors. I recommend sticking to your pre-defined betting strategy, even after a losing streak. Increasing bet sizes to recover losses quickly can lead to more significant financial setbacks. If you find yourself wanting to increase your bets impulsively due to losses, it's better to take a break.

Setting Win and Loss Limits

Setting both win and loss limits helps maintain discipline and control over your bankroll. Determine a maximum amount you're willing to lose in a day or week and stop betting when you reach this limit. Similarly, set a target for winnings to lock in profits. This strategy prevents you from losing your gains by continuing to bet during good streaks.

Break-Even Analysis

Conducting a break-even analysis allows you to understand the wager amount needed to cover potential losses. Calculate the minimum winning percentage required to break even by analyzing your betting history. Regularly adjust your strategy based on this analysis to maintain profitable outcomes. By knowing your break-even point, you can make informed decisions on bet sizes and avoid excessive risk.

Diversifying Bets

Diversifying your bets across multiple sports, leagues, or bet types can reduce the risk of significant losses. I often place a mix of bets on different games to spread out risk. For instance, combining moneyline bets with over/under bets can balance high-risk and low-risk wagers. Diversification limits exposure to single-event losses and keeps your bankroll more stable.

Utilizing Betting Tools

Several betting tools provide insights and analytics to make informed decisions. These tools help analyze statistics, trends, and probabilities, aiding in better wager selections. I use software like betting trackers and odds comparison websites to optimize my betting strategy. Leveraging these tools enhances your ability to manage risks more effectively.

Regular Evaluation and Adjustment

Regularly evaluating your betting performance provides clarity on what's working and what isn't. Keep detailed records of every bet, including dates, amounts, outcomes, and profit/loss. Analyze these records to identify patterns and adjust your strategy accordingly. Make data-driven decisions to refine your approach and maximize profitability. Regular adjustments based on performance data keep your betting strategy aligned with your goals.

Emotional Control

Emotional control in betting is vital for effective risk management. Avoid making impulsive decisions driven by excitement or frustration. Ensure your betting activity remains consistent with your strategy, regardless of short-term results. Practicing emotional discipline helps in maintaining focus on long-term success rather than getting affected by immediate outcomes. I find taking breaks helps regain perspective and control emotions better.

Leveraging Bonuses and Promotions

Utilizing bonuses and promotions offered by betting platforms can provide additional value. These can include deposit bonuses, free bets, or cashback offers. Strategically using these offers can help reduce risk and enhance your bankroll. Make sure to read and understand the terms and conditions to maximize the benefits. Applying these bonuses wisely can give an edge in managing your funds more effectively.

Educating Yourself

Continually educating yourself about sports betting improves your analytical skills. Stay updated with industry news, trends, and statistical analyses to make better-informed bets. Engage with betting communities or read expert blogs for new strategies and insights. Education builds a stronger foundation for risk management and enhances your ability to make calculated decisions. Develop a habit of learning, as knowledge is a powerful tool in mitigating risks.

Knowing When to Quit

Recognizing when to stop betting is crucial for preserving your bankroll. If you consistently face losses despite using various strategies, it might be time to reassess or take a break. Don't chase the idea of recovering everything in one go. Take a step back, review your approach, and return with a clear mind. This self-awareness can protect you from deeper losses and allow for a more structured comeback.

Incorporating these risk management tips can safeguard your bankroll and elevate your sports betting experience. By staying disciplined and informed, you can navigate the betting landscape more confidently and effectively. Employing these strategies ensures a balanced and sustainable approach to sports betting.

Adapting to Different Sports

Managing a bankroll in global sports betting requires adapting to the unique characteristics of each sport. This section covers how to handle these differences effectively.

Understanding Sport-Specific Variances

Each sport has unique factors that impact betting outcomes. For example, individual sports like tennis often have fewer variables than team sports like soccer or basketball. In tennis, only two players affect the result, while in soccer, twenty-two players and additional factors like weather and referee decisions play roles. Understanding these variances helps tailor your strategies to each sport, leading to more accurate predictions and better bankroll management.

Adjusting Your Strategy Accordingly

Once you've grasped the variances, adjusting your strategy is crucial. For instance, since soccer matches often end in draws, you might diversify your bets across win, loss, and draw outcomes rather than focusing solely on one result. In contrast, in a sport like basketball, where the scoring is higher and more consistent, flat betting might prove effective. Customizing your approach for each sport can significantly improve your bankroll's longevity and profitability. For further adjustments, consider using historical data and analytics tools to refine your tactics.

Incorporating Analytics and Insights

Leveraging analytics and available insights can greatly influence your betting success. Predictive models use historical data to forecast outcomes, giving bettors an edge. For example, data on team performances, player statistics, and even coaching strategies can all be analyzed to make more informed bets. Utilizing these insights means not just relying on intuition but making data-driven decisions. Integrating analytics into your betting strategy can enhance your ability to manage your bankroll effectively by reducing unnecessary risks and identifying value bets.

Using Technology to Your Advantage

Today's technology offers various tools to aid in effective bankroll management. Betting platforms often provide features like bet tracking, real-time odds updates, and profit-loss analysis. Mobile apps can notify you of significant changes, ensuring you stay updated. Using software to track your bets and analyze performance provides clear insights into what's working and what isn't. Incorporating these tools into your strategy ensures you remain disciplined and informed, ultimately protecting your bankroll.

Exploring Diversification

Diversifying your bets across different sports or bet types can minimize risks and improve your chance of success. Instead of concentrating all your funds on one sport, spread them across several. This tactic mitigates the impact of unforeseen losses in a single area. For example, if your primary betting is on soccer, you could allocate a portion of your bankroll to basketball or tennis. Diversification isn't about random betting; it's a calculated approach to manage risk and stabilize earnings over time.

Understanding Correlated Bets

When diversifying, it's essential to understand correlated bets that might undermine your strategy. For instance, betting on a team to win the championship and a player from the same team to be the top scorer are correlated bets. If the team fails early, both bets likely lose. To avoid this pitfall, select independent bets that don’t hinge on the same outcome. By recognizing and avoiding correlated bets, you further reduce risk and enhance your overall bankroll management strategy.

Staying Disciplined and Informed

Discipline remains a core aspect of successful bankroll management. It's easy to stray from your strategy during a losing streak, but doing so often results in greater losses. Maintaining a clear, disciplined approach, informed by both historical data and current insights, is critical. Consistent review and adjustment of your strategies based on performance data ensure you stay on the right track. Utilizing bonuses and promotions offered by betting platforms can also provide additional value without extra risk.

Balancing Emotional Control

Emotional control is also vital. Sports betting can be thrilling, but decisions driven by emotions rather than logic often prove costly. Keeping emotions in check, especially during wins or losses, is necessary to stick to your predefined strategy. This balance helps mitigate rash decisions that could harm your bankroll. Regularly taking breaks and reassessing your approach keeps you grounded and focuses on long-term goals rather than short-term highs and lows.

Leveraging Bonuses and Promotions

Many betting platforms offer bonuses and promotions, which can be beneficial if used wisely. Instead of viewing these bonuses as "free money," consider them as tools to extend your betting capacity. For instance, a match deposit bonus can increase your starting bankroll, allowing for smaller, more strategic bets. Always read the terms and conditions attached, as they often come with wagering requirements. Utilized correctly, bonuses can enhance your bankroll management by providing additional funds to play with minimal risk.

Ongoing Education and Strategy Refinement

Sports betting trends evolve, and staying updated on the latest strategies and insights is crucial. Reading up on new tactics, attending webinars, or engaging in forums can provide fresh perspectives. Continuous education helps refine your betting strategies, ensuring they remain effective. Being open to learning and adapting keeps you ahead of the curve, making your bankroll management more robust.

Recognizing When to Quit

It's essential to recognize when to step back. This might be after reaching your profit goal for a period or when suffering consistent losses. Quitting isn't about giving up; it's about preserving your bankroll and returning with a clear strategy. Knowing when to quit is a critical element of effective bankroll management, ensuring you maintain control over your finances and betting activities. Stepping away allows for reassessment, which can lead to more refined and successful strategies in future bets.

By implementing these strategies, you'll be well-equipped to manage your bankroll effectively across different sports, ensuring long-term success in global sports betting.

Utilizing Betting Tools and Resources

Effective bankroll management can benefit greatly from utilizing various betting tools and resources. These tools streamline the process, provide insights, and help bettors make informed decisions while managing their funds.

Using Spreadsheets and Software

Spreadsheets and software can significantly enhance betting efficiency. Tracking bets manually can be cumbersome, but digital tools automate this process and reduce errors. Software like Excel or Google Sheets can track:

  • Bet amount

  • Date

  • Outcome

  • Profit or loss

Dedicated betting software often includes additional features for analysis, identifying trends, and generating reports. These tools save time and provide deeper insights into betting activities, helping me stay organized and focused.

Following Expert Advice and Analysis

Following expert advice and analysis helps make informed decisions. Professional analysts study patterns, team performance, and other variables to provide accurate predictions. Subscription services or online forums often provide:

  • Detailed match previews

  • Statistical breakdowns

  • Betting tips

By leveraging expert insights, I can better understand the dynamics of each bet and avoid common pitfalls. While not foolproof, expert advice offers a valuable perspective, especially when combined with my analysis.

Utilizing Betting Calculators

Betting calculators simplify complex calculations. These tools are essential for understanding potential returns and risk. Common calculators include:

  • Odds converters

  • Stake and payout calculators

  • Arbitrage calculators

For example, an odds converter transforms fractional odds into decimal odds for easier comparison. Calculators help in making quick decisions, especially during live betting, where time is of the essence. Utilizing these resources ensures precision in every wager I place.

Engaging in Online Betting Communities

Online betting communities provide a platform for knowledge sharing and support. Forums and social media groups often discuss strategies, share tips, and analyze recent games. Engaging in these communities can offer:

  • Diverse perspectives

  • Up-to-date information

  • Moral support during losing streaks

Being part of a community keeps me informed about the latest trends and strategies. It’s essential to engage critically and verify information since not all shared advice may be accurate or reliable.

Leveraging Predictive Analytics Tools

Predictive analytics tools use data to forecast likely outcomes. These tools analyze historical data, player statistics, and other variables. Examples include:

  • Statistical models

  • Machine learning algorithms

  • Data visualization tools

Predictive analytics can reveal patterns not immediately obvious, enhancing my ability to make informed bets. While these tools don't guarantee success, they significantly improve the odds of making profitable wagers. Harnessing data-driven insights provides a competitive edge in global sports betting.

Using Multi-Platform Tracking Tools

Tracking tools compatible with multiple platforms streamline betting activities across different devices. These tools sync data in real-time, ensuring I always have access to updated information. Multi-platform tools support:

  • Desktop use

  • Mobile apps

  • Cloud-based storage

Having access to synchronized data allows me to manage my bankroll seamlessly, whether on a computer or a smartphone. This flexibility is crucial for staying informed and making timely decisions.

Understanding and Applying Advanced Metrics

Advanced metrics provide an in-depth understanding of sports performance. Metrics like Expected Goals (xG) in soccer or Player Efficiency Rating (PER) in basketball offer nuanced insights. Applying these metrics involves:

  • In-depth research

  • Contextual analysis

  • Regular updates

Using advanced metrics can identify value bets that traditional statistics might overlook. By incorporating these insights, I can make more strategic and profitable bets.

Subscribing to Betting Newsletters

Betting newsletters deliver expert analysis and tips directly to my inbox. These newsletters often cover a range of sports and include:

  • Latest betting tips

  • In-depth analysis of upcoming games

  • Special promotions or offers

Subscribing to multiple newsletters ensures a continuous flow of high-quality information, aiding me in making informed betting decisions. It’s important to choose reputable sources to maximize the value of these insights.

Exploring Betting Tutorials and Courses

Betting tutorials and courses offer structured learning. From basic concepts to advanced strategies, these resources cover all aspects of sports betting. Key benefits include:

  • Comprehensive understanding

  • Step-by-step guidance

  • Improved betting techniques

Engaging with educational content ensures I stay ahead of the curve. Whether I’m a novice or experienced bettor, continuous learning strengthens my betting acumen and adaptability.

Conducting Frequent Analysis and Review

Regularly analyzing and reviewing my betting activities helps identify strengths and weaknesses. Utilizing tools and resources, I can conduct thorough evaluations, focusing on:

  • Past performance trends

  • Success rates

  • Return on investment (ROI)

Frequent analysis allows me to adjust my strategies based on data-driven insights. Setting aside time for reviews ensures ongoing improvement and enhances my overall betting efficiency. Maintaining discipline through structured analysis contributes to long-term success in bankroll management.

By incorporating these tools and resources into my betting routine, I can manage my bankroll more effectively and maximize my chances of success in global sports betting.

Conclusion

Effective bankroll management is the cornerstone of successful sports betting. By creating a structured plan, setting clear budgets, and maintaining discipline, you can maximize your chances of long-term success. Leveraging various betting strategies and tools will help you track performance and make informed decisions.

Remember to stay adaptable and continuously refine your approach based on performance data. Utilize technology and analytics to enhance your betting efficiency and always prioritize emotional control to avoid impulsive decisions. With these strategies in place, you'll be well-equipped to navigate the exciting world of global sports betting.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is bankroll management in sports betting?

Bankroll management refers to the practice of allocating and managing your betting funds in a structured manner. It involves determining a total bankroll you can afford to lose, separating this from personal finances, setting bet limits, and keeping detailed records to maintain control over your betting activities.

Why is bankroll management important in sports betting?

Effective bankroll management is crucial to avoid quick financial losses and achieve long-term success. It helps you control spending, stay disciplined, and make informed decisions, thus minimizing risk and enhancing your betting performance over time.

How do I set a budget for my sports betting bankroll?

To set a budget, determine a starting amount based on your disposable income that won't impact essential expenses or emergency savings. Stick to this budget by tracking all betting activities, adjusting bet sizes, and reassessing strategies if you exceed the budget.

What are some common bankroll management strategies?

Common strategies include flat betting (wagering a consistent amount on each bet), percentage betting (adjusting wagers based on current bankroll), the Martingale System (doubling bets after losses), the Kelly Criterion (using probability to determine bet sizes), and the Fibonacci System (using a sequence to dictate bet sizes).

Why is record keeping important in bankroll management?

Meticulous record keeping helps you track performance, analyze results, and make informed decisions. Recording every bet, including date, amount, outcome, and profit or loss, allows you to identify patterns and refine your betting strategies for better results.

What is the Kelly Criterion in sports betting?

The Kelly Criterion is a bankroll management strategy that uses a mathematical formula to determine optimal bet sizes based on the probability of winning and the odds being offered. It aims to maximize growth by betting proportionally to the edge you have over the odds.

How can technology and analytics improve bankroll management?

Using technology and analytics tools, such as bet tracking software, spreadsheets, and predictive analytics tools, helps automate processes, reduce errors, and provide insights into betting performance. This data-driven approach improves decision-making and betting efficiency.

What are the risks of not managing your bankroll effectively?

Without proper bankroll management, you risk quick financial losses, impulsive betting decisions, and mismanagement of funds. This lack of control can lead to significant financial strain and limit your chances of long-term success in sports betting.

How can I stay disciplined in sports betting?

Stay disciplined by setting win and loss limits, following predefined strategies, recording all bets, and avoiding chasing losses. Regularly reviewing performance data and adjusting strategies based on insights can help maintain discipline and control over your betting activities.

Is it important to adapt bankroll management strategies for different sports?

Yes, different sports have unique variances. Understanding these can lead to more accurate predictions and effective bankroll management. Adapt your strategies to account for the specific characteristics and historical data of each sport to improve betting outcomes.